Battles+Of+the+the+Middle+Ages

​There were many types of battles in the middle ages, they were like war but with swords and bows and arrows they also used catapults. In there battles people who were taken would either be tortured, put to death or taken to be a slave.

The Rack Torture Scavengers Daughter Scolds Bridle Torture by Dislocation Iron Balls Torture Water Torture The Boot Torture Brodequins Thumbscrews Pillory Burned at the Stake Branding and Burning Tortures Execution by Quartering Execution by the Wheel Execution by Hanging Hung, Drawn and Quartered There are many more but to many to list = The Crusades Click the following website to watch a video about the Crusades = = [] = = = The Crusades were a series of military campaigns during the time of Medieval England against the Muslims of the Middle East. In 1076, the Muslims had captured **Jerusalem** - the most holy of holy places for Christians because Jesus was there for most of his life and that is where he was crusified. However, Jerusalem was also extremely important for the Muslims as Muhammad, the founder of the Muslim faith, had been there and there was great joy in the Muslim world when Jerusalem was captured. A beautiful dome - called the Dome of the Rock - was built on the rock where Muhammad was said to have sat and prayed and it was so holy that no Muslim was allowed to tread on the rock or touch it when visiting the Dome. The Christian fought to get back Jerusalem while the Muslims fought to keep Jerusalem. These wars were to last nearly 200 years There were many crusade wars here is the timeline The First Crusade 1096-1099 The Second Crusade 1147-1149 The Third Crusade 1189-1192 The Fourth Crusade 1201-1204 The Fifth Crusade 1218-1221 The Sixth Crusade 1228-1229 The Seveth Crusade 1248-1254 The Eighth Crusade 1270 = The Norman Conquest = = K ing Edward of England died on January 5, 1066, after a reign of 23 years. Leaving no heirs, Edward's passing ignited a three-way rivalry for the crown that culminated in the Battle of Hastings and the destruction of the Anglo-Saxon rule of England. = The first to claim to be the heir was Harold Godwinson, the second most powerful man in England and an advisor to Edward. Harold and Edward were brothers-in-law because the king married Harolds sister. Harolds relationship with Edward and his high esteem among his peers made him a successor to the throne. His claim was strengthened when apparantly the king muttered before he died, "Into Harold's hands I commit my Kingdom." he was a trusted man to everyone, the Witan (the council of royal advisors) without reference selected Harold as King. His coronation took place the same day as Edward's burial. With the placing of the crown on his head, Harold's troubles began. William, Duke of Normandy, Also claimed to be the heir. William justified his claim through his blood relationship with Edward (they were distant cousins) and by stating that some years earlier, Edward had designated him as his successor. To wrap up the issue, William asserted that the message in which Edward gave him as the next King of England had been carried to him in 1064 by none other than Harold himself. In addition, (according to William) Harold had sworn on the relics of a martyred saint that he would support William's right to the throne. From William's perspective, when Harold got given the Crown he not only defied the wishes of Edward but had violated a sacred oath. He immediately prepared to invade England and destroy the upstart Harold. The third rival for the throne was Harald Hardrada, King of Norway. Hardrada ruled Norway jointly with his nephew Mangus until 1047 when Mangus conveniently died. Earlier (1042), Mangus had cut a deal with Harthacut the Danish ruler of England. Since neither ruler had a male heir, both promised their kingdom to the other in the event of his death. Harthacut died but Mangus was unable to follow up on his claim to the English throne because he was too busy battling for the rule of Denmark. Edward became the Anglo-Saxon ruler of England. Now with Mangus and Edward dead, Hardrada asserted that he, as Mangus's heir, was the rightful ruler of England. When he heard of Harold's coronation, Hardrada immediately prepared to invade England and crush the upstart. Hardrada of Norway struck first. In mid September, Hardrada's invasion force landed on the Northern English coast, destroyed a few coastal villages and headed towards the city of York. Hardrada was joined in his effort by Tostig, King Harold's brother. The Viking army overwhelmed an English force blocking the York road and captured the city. In London, news of the invasion sent King Harold hurriedly north at the head of his army picking up reinforcements along the way. The speed of Harold's forced march allowed him to surprise Hardrada's army on September 25, as it camped at Stamford Bridge outside York. A fierce battle followed. Hand to hand combat flowed across the bridge. Finally the Norsemen's line broke and the real slaughter began. Hardrada fell and then the King's brother, Tostig. What remained of the Viking army fled to their ships. So devastating was the Viking defeat that only 24 of the invasion force's original 240 ships made the trip back home. Resting after his victory, Harold received word of William's landing near Hastings. Harold prepared for Williams Arrival Unfortunately, William's ships could not penetrate the north wind and for six weeks he he was stuck on the Norman shore. Finally, on September 27, after parading the relics of St. Valery at the water's edge, the winds shifted to the south and the fleet set sail. The Normans made landfall on the English coast near Pevensey and marched to Hastings. Harold rushed his army south and planted his battle standards atop a knoll some five miles from Hastings. During the early morning of the next day, October 14, Harold's army watched as a long column of Norman warriors marched to the base of the hill and formed a battle line. Separated by a few hundred yards, the lines of the two armies traded taunts and insults. At a signal, the Norman archers took their position at the front of the line. The English at the top of the hill responded by raising their shields above their heads forming a shield-wall to protect them from the rain of arrows. The battle was joined. The English fought defensively while the Normans infantry and cavalry repeatedly charged their shield-wall. As the combat slogged on for the better part of the day, the battle's outcome was in question. Finally, as evening approached, the English line gave way and the Normans rushed their enemy with a vengeance. King Harold fell as did the majority of the Saxon aristocracy. William's victory was complete. On Christmas day 1066, William was crowned King of England. = = = The Hundred Years War Click the Following website to watch a replica video of The Hundred Years War = = [] = = = Fighting started in the Hundred Years' War because the Kings of England - descendants of William the Conqueror who still spoke French -wanted to rule France as well. France was weak and divided. It began with the English King already ruling a large part of France it ended with him ruling hardly any, It began in 1328, when the French king died with no children. The English king Edward III actually had a good "claim" to inherit the French throne. Edward's claim was through his French mother, Eleanor, who was the dead French king's aunt. It was usual for medieval royal families to intermarry like this, always seeking to make alliances. French nobles faced a choice: who would give them more power and independence in their own lands - a French King in Paris who they had helped into power, or a distant English King ruling often from London? The first fraction of people in France rushed to crown a French cousin whose claim was not as good as Edward's. With their new king, they attacked Edward's lands in South Westeren France and in 1337, Edward III declared war. The other faction of France allied with Edward. People from Flanders tended to take England's side against France in any conflict,the Powerful lords in other outlying regions such as Brittanny and Normandy feared the ambitions of those who wanted a stronger centralised French kingdom. They allied with the English. to help keep their independence. Tactically Edward had a strong position, with the French caught in a "nutcracker" between Edward's lands held as Duke of Aquitaine in the south of France and his Flemish and other allies in the north. In 1340, the French king prepared the first blow: he assembled a great fleet, carrying an army to crush England's allies in Flanders before invading England itself. But the English attacked and destroyed the French fleet at sea off Sluys (east of Dunkerque, in modern Holland). Both sides anchored their ships and fought something like a land battle across the wooden decks. Edward III now controlled the Channel and was free to invade and wage war over the enemy's lands - which proved catastrophic for the people of the North. The English army was a mixed force of infantry, archers, pikemen and light cavalry - battle-hardened after successfully fighting the Welsh and Scots, and made up of well-trained and organised wealthy people, enthusiastic supporters of his cause and eager for plunder. They proved to be the most effective army Europe had seen since the Romans.In 1346, the English invaders were weakened by sickness and retreating to the channel ports. They took a stand on a hill at Crecy. As the heavily armoured French knights struggled up the muddy hillside in a traditional feudal cavalry charge. they were massacred by the English infantry and archers - a lesson they did not learn. Allied again with England, the Duke of Burgundy conquered the county of Boulogne and two others. While the weak French king cowered south of Paris in the small remaining part of his kingdom.In1420 he signed the Treaty of Troyes with Henry V, agreeing to English rule over North France, and that Henry would inherit the crown of France on his death - to run the two countries as a dual kingdom In **1429**, Joan of Arc began her quest to unite the French behind the future Charles VII and drive the English out of France. She relieved siege of Orleans, and led the Dauphin to be crowned at Rheims in 1429. But Joan was captured by Burgundian troops and handed over to the English. They burnt her as a witch (for wearing men's clothes), at English-held Rouen in 1431. English Henry VI was crowned king of France in Paris. However Joan had inspired a French revival.With a well-organised disciplined army, the French king Charles VII now had the war-weary English on the run. In 1435 Charles VII bribed Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, to break the alliance with the English in exchange for Ponthieu. Only fours years later, though, he re-established the important wool trade relations with England and the Flemish economy took off again. This War started in 1337 and continued through for over 100 years and was a total of 116 years it finsished in 1453. As the war dragged on, the English were slowly forced back. They had less French land to support their war effort as they did so, and the war became more expensive for them. One by one, Charles VII besieged and captured the remaining English strongholds. With the capture of Bordeaux **1453,** the English had lost all their French lands except Calais. That was really the end of the One Hundred Years war so far as England was concerned, though a formal treaty to end the war between England and France was only signed in 1475. Henry VII was the first tudor monarch (A Tudor monarch is a family of royalty Henry evolved from) His claim to become king was not strong but he became king after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Henry ended the battle of roses from his success on the battlefield the war had begun in 1455. The Wars of the Roses were a series of battles that were fought between the supporters of the House of Lancaster (Lancastrians) and the supporters of the House of York (Yorkists). The wars were called the Wars of the Roses because the Yorkists were represented by a white rose and the Lancastrians by a red rose. Although there were no battles fought until 1455, the cause of the wars goes way back to the reign of Edward III and the power struggle between his sons after his death. The four Eldest sons of Edward III were Edward the Black Prince who was officially heir to the throne, Lionel of Antwerp who was the Duke of Clarence, John of Gaunt the Duke of Lancestor and Edmund of Langley Duke of York. Edward the third died in 1377 his Eldest son Edward the Black Prince died in 1376 with the Plague so Edward thirds grandson Richard, aged ten and son of the Black Prince, became king. Because Richard II was only ten years old, his uncle, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, ruled the country. As Richard grew older he rebelled against his uncle and made decisions that were not popular with the most powerful men in the country. In 1399 John of Gaunt died and Richard II confiscated the land he had owned. John of Gaunt's son, Henry, raised an army and when Richard surrendered took the throne as Henry IV. Richard was imprisoned in Pontefract castle and mysteriously died in February 1400. Henry IV faced a number of challenges to his place on the throne because he was not the natural successor to Richard II. With the death of Richard II, the crown should have passed to Edmund Earl of March, great grandson of Lionel Duke of Clarence. However, Henry managed to keep his place on the throne and when he died in 1413, the country was at peace and his son, Henry V, succeeded without problem. Henry V was a strong kleader he invaded France and won many battles in 1420 he married the daughter of the king of France When Henry V died in 1422 from dysentery, his son, Henry VI became the only king to be crowned king of England and France. Henry VI was four months old when he became king and his father's brothers ruled England and France in his place. France was soon lost when Joan of Arc raised an army against the English and restored the French monarchy. As Henry grew older it became apparent that he was a weak king, totally dominated by his French wife Margaret of Anjou. He was also prone to bouts of insanity and the Yorkists began plotting to take his place on the throne. The first battle of the Wars of the Roses took place at St Albans on 22nd May 1455 The Yorkists led by Richard Duke of York easily defeated the King's army. Henry VI was injured and taken prisoner. In 1455, Henry suffered another bout of insanity and Richard Duke of York was made protector of England. In 1456, Henry recovered and retook the throne. There were further battles and in 1459 Richard was killed at the Battle of Wakefield. In 1461, Richard's son Edward, Earl of March, defeated the King's army, took the King prisoner and made himself King Edward IV. Queen Margaret took her son and fled to Wales where they were taken in by the king's half-brother Jaspar Tudor. In 1470, Henry regained the throne but in 1471 was defeated by Edward's army at the Battle of Tewkesbury and taken prisoner. Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales was killed during the battle. With no other Lancastrian heir to challenge him, Edward IV remained king until his sudden death in 1483. Edward IV had two sons, Edward and Richard, both of whom were too young to rule and so their uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester ruled England. The two princes were taken to the Tower of London and in the summer of 1483 mysteriously disappeared. It is believed that their uncle murdered them. Richard was crowned Richard III. He was not a popular king and faced many challenges to his place on the throne, notably from Henry Tudor, grandson of Owen Tudor who had been second husband to Henry V's wife Katherine of Valois. Henry Tudor raised a Lancastrian army against Richard Iii and at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, Richard was killed and the Yorkists defeated. It is told that Henry found Richard's crown on the battlefield and placed it on his head. Henry VII was crowned king and married Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York a move that was to end the Wars of the Roses. The Red Rose of Lancaster + The White Rose of York=The Red and White Tudor Rose
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 * [[image:white_rose.gif]]The Wars of the Roses[[image:red_rose.gif]]**

The battle of Bannockburn was undoubtedly of one of the most spectacular battles of the Scottish Wars of Independence. Although the struggle against the English was to continue for some 13 years more, the Scottish victory was of enormous importance as it secured the future of the throne for Robert Bruce, King of Scotts. English King Edward II, along with approximately 20 000 troops advanced through the lowlands of scottland with relative ease, Arriving at Edinburgh on June 17 1314 the army progressed to leith where they stopped for five days to collect supplies the next step for the army was a 22-mile march to Falkirk, on Saturday June 23rd they progressed along the old roman road from Falkirk, advancing on Sterling Castle which they hoped to relieve. the Scottish king Robert the Bruce blocked Edwards path, he placed his soldiers in the dense wood, to block them in the men had a a thick woods on there right and a stream on there left while Sterling Castle was behind them. The only way through was if Edward were to cross before him. It is thought that the made up only a very slight portion of bruces 5,500 trained men. In addition to being outnumbered the scots brought just 500 light cavalry to the field while Edward brought 2,000 heavy cavalry Edward also brought 17,000 archers and spear-wielding foot soldiers the scots only bought a few archers which they recruited from Ettrick Forest. As the battle began that june 24th Edward II foolishly led hiscavalry into Bruces trap Bruces army mmade the Englishes calvalry retreat by killing their commander, Bruce immediately brought he cavalry in they drove away the Englishes bowmenfrom the feild with the rapidly retreating english army he sent his backline archers into action. At this point Edward himself was retreating he rushed to Stirling Castle but was refused entry, Edward ran to Dunbar but was ambushed on the way the right of the english army tried to follow their king the center headed for the waters and their left army fell back into the Bannock Burn not only were the English totallydefeated in battle but Bruce also kept 200 000 pounds worth of Edwards training equipment and also kept some hostages Although it would be another fourteen years until the battle between scotland and England would officialy be over, but there was no doubt that Robert the Bruce and his men had won this battle.
 * Battle of Bannockburn**

Battle of Falkirk Battle of Stirling Bridge The Battle of Tours The Battle of Roncesvalles The Battle of Maldon The Seige of Berwik Battle of Halidon Hill The Final Campaign of Prince Llywelyn Battle of Leignitz The 1456 Seige of Belgrade The Defeat of the Spanish Armada Battle of Pinkie Cleugh The Conquest of Ireland Battle of Breitenfeld The English Civil War
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